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Nutrition issues in weight management
| 作者：SOHO特区网
-上传日期：2021-5-10 |
Global overweight and obesity shocking. WHO (WHO) recently released data show that around the world 1 billion 850 million of adults over the age of 20 are overweight and obese, of which 290 million men and nearly 410 million women are obese. More surprising is that the world has 9800 children under the age of five overweight. Not surprisingly, obesity is listed as the world's fifth most common cause of death, it has caused the death of about 4000000 adults per year; moreover, an important factor for obesity is the cause of type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease and some cancers.
First, the obesity epidemic in the world
Today's obesity is not only a threat to the developed countries, but also to the less developed countries. Currently, 45 million of children in developed countries are overweight, while in developing countries, there are more than 16 million overweight children. WHO lists the obesity rate in the world ranking of the top 20 countries: Nauru overweight and obesity 94.5%; the Micronesia 91.1%; the Cook islands in 90.9%; the 90.8% of the 81.7% Tonga, Niue; Samoa 80.4%;; 78.4%, Kuwait, Palau; 74.2%, 74.1%; the United States; 30 Kiribati 73.6%; Dominica, 71%; Barbados 69.7%; Argentina province 69.4%; 69.4%, Malta, Egypt; 68.7%; 68.5% and 68.4% increase in Greece; New Zealand; Arabia and the United Arab Emirates in 68.3%; Mexico 68.1%; Trinidad and Tobago making 67.9%.
Although the United States ranks ninth among the world's most obese countries, there is a significant difference in obesity rates across the United States, as in the southern United states. In addition, about 60% of adults and more than 20% of school-age children are overweight or obese in the EU's 27 member states. That is, about 260 million adults and about 12000000 children are suffering from overweight or obesity. Like the United States, the proportion of overweight and obese people across the continent presents significant regional differences. In addition to Greece's obesity rate of up to 68.5%, the Nordic countries obesity rate reached 48.1%, followed by Scotland, Kazakhstan and Poland are about 40%.
It is worth noting that China's overweight and obesity rate of 24.5%, ranking the world's top forty-seventh; China has now risen to more obese countries. About 23% of adults and more than 9% of school-age children are overweight or obese. That is, about 260 million adults and about 20000000 children are suffering from overweight or obesity. Like Europe and the United States, the proportion of overweight and obese people across the Chinese mainland is on the rise.
It can be said that obesity epidemic has become a major problem in the world. Countries around the world, both men and women, poor or rich, are likely to suffer from an epidemic of overweight and obesity. So, whether you are a young mother who is trying to lose weight or postpartum, are being obese middle-aged "baby boomers", the implementation of nutrition weight management has become an increasingly important health problem.
Two, the weight of the continuous cycle of nutritional factors
Maintaining weight loss is not an easy task. A few years ago, "a study published in the British Journal of nutrition" said, using the popular method to lose weight successfully lose weight people, only 1/5 people can continue to maintain in the target weight or below target weight after two years. Thus, in addition to reducing calorie intake and increasing exercise, how to maintain weight loss and lifestyle, how to improve the diet and prevent the Yo Yo effect of weight cycle rebound is also very important.
In this regard, it is worth noting that the weight of the cycle continues to rebound in the following aspects of nutritional factors:
First, the limitations of BEE. As weight loss, the basic energy consumption (hereinafter referred to as "BEE") will naturally decline, this is because after weight loss, the body's metabolism will be reduced. After a period of positive weight loss, once the dietary energy restriction relaxed or reduced exercise, reduced BEE and daily spontaneous activity level will limit the further reduction of weight, weight gain.
Two is the lack of heat effect. Because BEE is an important part of the total energy consumption, the total energy consumption of 70%; while physical activity energy consumption usually accounted for the total energy consumption of 20%; the remaining 10% of the total energy consumption depends on the heat and increase satiety effect of food. Heat generation of food is necessary to maintain a constant body temperature, heat can account for more than 10% of total energy consumption. Furthermore, energy restriction caused by weight loss may lead to increased food intake. In order to prevent this phenomenon, to maintain weight, should eat a high satiety food, between two meals to suppress hunger.
Three is the elimination of purification errors. There are several chemical toxins in certain foods that can be used daily, which can cause you to gain weight again indefinitely. To this end, many people's weight loss program is mostly from the beginning of detoxification. Unfortunately, these toxic chemicals are fat soluble compounds, will become human endocrine disruptors, can accumulate in the liver and adipose tissue, and it is difficult to discharge from the body, causing the body weight continuously bounce obesity. So the scientific principles of detoxification, detoxification is also known as the "anti oxygen purification"; only let in the detoxification of physiological detoxification process before and keep the antioxidant status in order to obtain the real effect of detoxification, achieve weight no longer cycle rebound.
Three, nutrition management body weight challenges
Although you join slimming club also made painstaking efforts, at the same time to eat a relatively healthy weight loss special meals, but still did not get any weight loss; or a period of time after the weight back up...... In fact, there are a variety of toxic chemicals that make you gain weight again in your daily diet. Many modern nutrition research evidence shows that these toxic chemicals are: Obese toxin, bisphenol A, triflumizole, emulsifier, antibiotics and hormones, perfluorooctanoic acid etc..
1, obese toxin. New research shows that in the daily food, many seemingly healthy foods include lean meat, eggs, fish, butter, vegetables and baked Bacon cheese burger, there will be obese toxin. "The obese toxin disrupts our hormones and others to change our gut ecological function, to balance the good and bad bacteria," Patricia Saab, a nutrition professor at the State University of California said, "this imbalance will lead to hunger cues to disrupt the chaos, so as to encourage cells to promote the The new supersedes the old., fat body fat leads to additional savings, weight gain." "What's worse, these obese toxins have also been shown to increase your risk of diabetes, high cholesterol and heart disease," Professor Saab said."
2, bisphenol A. In the industry of bisphenol A (Bis phenol A, referred to as BPA) is used for the synthesis of polycarbonate (PC) and epoxy resin materials, widely used in the manufacture of plastic bottles, cups, boxes and other fast food. So BPA everywhere, from the mineral water bottles, medical devices to food packaging, have its figure. An epidemiologist at the Harvard University found in a study comparing test BPA level, in the United States for more than 10 years history of 1000 obese women, women in the prosecution of its urine BPA content is the highest, the annual growth rate of up to 0.5~3.5 pounds than women with the lowest BPA content by weight. Christopher Barker, chief physician of the American Federation of physicians, believes that BPA will accelerate the differentiation of fat cells and damage the pancreas, leading to insulin resistance, which can lead to obesity. BPA also showed that BPA could interfere with the activity of DNA and the metabolism of trace elements, resulting in DNA single strand break, leading to reproductive toxicity and embryo toxicity. BPA can also cause endocrine disorders that threaten the health of babies and children. A physiological medical research at the Purdue University will also be BPA and hormonal system changes together, especially the bottle containing BPA will induce precocious puberty. Researchers from the American Institute for cancer research (ACI) found that obesity caused by cancer and metabolic disorders also has a direct relationship with BPA.
3, triflumizole. Due to the availability and affordability, if you tend to choose conventional organic products, here are some news may encourage you to make a different choice: usually used in many food crops, especially green leafy vegetables fungicide triflumizole three, the residue of triflumizole toxins will increase people's weight. A recent study published in the American Journal of "environmental health perspectives" confirmed: when pregnant mice fed a small dose of triflumizole, pregnant rats will produce more obese infant rats, the researchers attributed to human obesity hormone triflumizole. "Almost all of the chemicals used in crops are endocrine disrupting agents, which means they can help the body store fat and damage the body's ability to build muscle." Dr Coster Zarbe is responsible for the National Institutes of Health said, "it is advisable to eat organic fruits and vegetables pollution-free, only need to eat pollution-free organic fruits and vegetables reached five days, the body is not detected in the level of triflumizole."
4, Stearyl type emulsifier. SSL, CSL, DATEM, DMG and other Stearyl chemicals were used as emulsifier added to bread, mayonnaise, salad dressings and other processed foods, in order to improve its quality traits and prevent state separation, but a new study published in the American Journal "nature" found that the Stearyl class will have a negative impact on the emulsifier in human intestinal microflora, imbalance of bacterial communities, can lead to metabolic syndrome. Researchers at Georgia State University fed mice with levels of type Stearyl emulsifiers in human foods, which not only cause obesity in mice, but also cause abdominal pain, diarrhea and colitis. "The kind of Stearyl emulsifier that can cause weight gain in the human body is a concern," he said." "The only way to avoid it is to choose foods that do not have a class Stearyl emulsifier, such as artichokes, which are good for intestinal microbial ecology," Dr. Zarbe said."
5, perfluoro octanoic acid. According to the International Journal of obesity, a new Danish study found that there is a non stick cooking utensils in the presence of human body PFOA acid, and obesity related. PFOA is the floorboard of fluorine resin, including PTFE, FEP and various fluorine-containing copolymer coating agents commonly used in non stick cookware. Professor of Biochemistry at the Technical University of Denmark, Barak Millis pointed out that the study found that PFOA coating agent will release the persistent and harmful compounds during heating. When the researchers measured PFOA levels in pregnant mothers, and then after 20 years old children weight were compared when PFOA was found in the mother's blood most children overweight or obese rate is highest; compared with the children in the mother's blood PFOA was the lowest, the children are overweight or obese, up to 3 times. A University of Toronto study found that even if you don't use those non stick cookware, has been in the oil for food packaging paper and microwave popcorn bag was found to have PFOA, you may be the chemical substances to cause fat intake.
6, antibiotic hormone. When cows and other animals are treated with antibiotics and hormones, the meat of these animals will be given a dose of AH, and studies have shown that AH can lead to weight gain. In a new study, researchers at the New York University found that intake of comparable AH mice, the in vivo T cells decreased, which not only damages the immune function, but also associated with obesity. A new study by the International Journal of obesity found that steroid hormones are also one of the main causes of obesity in traditional dairy farming and livestock production. "Many of the meat containing fat hormones are fat soluble, which means they are more likely to accumulate in the body's fat tissue and cause obesity." Dr. Zarbe said, "the only way to avoid the intake of AH is not receiving antibiotics and hormones in meat and dairy products, and choose a more lean meat."
Four, beneficial weight management of nutrients
To further reduce the weight or weight maintenance management, dieters must grasp the weight continuous cycle rebound nutritional factors "and" nutrition weight management challenges ", at the same time the implementation of antioxidant detoxification / purification, thermogenesis / fat burning and satiety all steps, is a successful dieters to implement nutrition weight management plan.
1, antioxidant detoxification nutrients. It is a reasonable way to rule out potentially toxic substances in the liver and colon before starting a weight-loss program. However, it must be pointed out that there is no God detoxification elixir, and, worse clinical trials have no reliable scientific evidence of specific nutrients or detoxification method can remove harmful substances in the human body. However, no matter how effective, regular colon cleaning and sauna detoxification will not cause too much damage. Also, because of these toxic substances increased the burden of the body, so it should be in the process of detoxification detoxification before and additional intake of antioxidant essential nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, alpha lipoic acid, and is known to have a high antioxidant phytochemicals, thereby maintaining antioxidant status.
2, heat nutrients. In order to reduce the weight loss caused by weight loss, continue to lose weight or maintain weight, people began to look for ways to increase thermogenesis. As the name suggests, heat generation is the process of producing heat or heat. Body heat is produced by the burning of fat within a cell's mitochondria (an energy plant). The heat generated during metabolism is the key to maintaining body temperature. The additional intake of micronutrients with thermogenesis and plant nutrients (M&PN) accelerated the relatively slow optimization is The new supersedes the old., The new supersedes the old., an important way to prevent weight gain in weight loss after.
According to the British "published in the International Journal of obesity - jinwe edition" is the latest report, confirmed in clinical trials at the Purdue University Dana Kawamoto professor of nutrition, nutrition intake after heat caffeine, catechin and capsaicin Green Tea these beneficial weight management, human energy consumption will increase by about 8%~12%. To this end, the magazine recommends that dietary ingredients that promote metabolism optimization and heat generation are:
Caffeine: (rich in heat factor alpha lipoic acid, vitamin B complex). It is well known that caffeine has a short-term irritant. However, after 12 years of research, people who took more caffeine were less likely to gain weight than those who consumed less caffeine. The amount of caffeine needed to maintain weight is associated with a reduction in the body's sensitivity to caffeine consumption. The mechanism of energy consumption of caffeine is to enhance the activity of sympathetic nervous system and promote metabolism and lipolysis.
Green tea catechins: (rich in chromium chromium factor). For centuries, people in China and other parts of Asia have created all kinds of tea. Tea contains a large number of ingredients known as catechins, which have been shown to be biologically active. EGCG is the tea catechin components are the most studied, its high concentration, but the content in the tea leaves in the least. EGCG of a neurotransmitter involved in the decomposition, called norepinephrine enzyme inhibitory effect of norepinephrine can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system activity, thereby accelerating the The new supersedes the old. promote the decomposition of body fat. A clinical trial of three months or so showed that the weight loss of the tea drinking group was more than an average of about 1.3 kg, compared with the placebo group. Tea also contains caffeine, as mentioned above, caffeine has a thermogenic effect. It has been proved that the green tea extract is more effective than the heat generated by caffeine.
Capsaicin: (rich in heat factor acetyl carnitine, coenzyme Q10). It is a major irritant in red peppers. Capsaicin is an interesting compound that has a direct effect on the activity of calcium channels in the cell membrane, and thus can alter cell metabolism. Humans have been studying the effects of capsaicin on thermogenesis and satiety. There is still a lack of long-term clinical trials of capsaicin, which are limited by human tolerance to high doses of capsaicin.
3, enhance the satiety of the dietary composition. Appetite is an important determinant of food intake, which is composed of two elements that are both interrelated and differentiated. The former is related to the temporary feeling of eating behavior, which is mainly restricted by the nerve signals and hormonal signals produced by the food in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. A sense of satisfaction increases the idea that I can't eat and eat. The latter is related to the effect of food intake, such as "I'm full" and "I don't feel hungry". So satiety is the desire to eat again, and the interval between the two meals. Satiety (feeling full) reduces the desire to eat and prolongs the interval between two meals. Satiety is mainly due to hormonal signals produced by the small intestine and large intestine and the circulation of insulin and glucose after meals. Taking measures to control appetite, including satisfaction and satiety, is an important aspect of the success of weight management programs. Modern nutrition after numerous clinical trials research, the latest scientific research achievements related to satiety, three important factors related to food, satiety is intake form glycemic index and diet calorie content, dietary fiber (i.e. solid heat and liquid heat ratio):
Dietary fiber: the edible part of a plant or carbohydrate that is resistant to digestion and absorption of the small intestine and is partially or completely fermented by the indigenous bacterial flora in the large intestine. It can be divided into soluble dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber. Soluble dietary fiber (pectin, gum, viscose and saccharides) can promote glucose and lipid The new supersedes the old. Insoluble dietary fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) can increase stool volume, soften stool, and promote defecation. Insoluble dietary fiber is generally not fermented in the large intestine, and soluble dietary fiber will be fermented in the large intestine into short chain fatty acids, short chain fatty acids beneficial to health. Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between fiber intake and body weight. Human intervention tests showed that dietary fiber had a positive effect on weight loss. It is not clear how dietary fiber is beneficial to weight management. However, studies have shown that increased dietary fiber intake is more likely to enhance satiety than other digestible polysaccharides or monosaccharides. This may be due to the effects of dietary fiber on insulin and glucose levels after meals.
Low glycemic index: postprandial glycemic index is an important satiety signal, and low glycemic index diet is important for weight management, including children. Because of the high glycemic index foods will soon be digested and absorbed, shortly after feeding, blood glucose levels will rise. It is believed that the rapid rise and fall of blood sugar can reduce satiety, rapid recovery of hunger, increase additional calories consumption, promote weight gain, and may lead to obesity. Reduce the sugars in the diet and refined carbohydrates, while increasing the content of fat or fiber -- such as whole grain and refined grain reasonable collocation -- can reduce the inflow of blood glucose, enhance satiety, promote weight management. The American Society of clinical nutrition using a randomized controlled trial in overweight and obese subjects as the research object, compared with a low glycemic index diet high glycemic index diet on weight loss, the results found that the glycemic index diet group subjects weight loss amount (lipid modified analysis method). A meta-analysis of these trials showed that low glycemic index foods have a potentially positive effect on weight management. Similarly, the addition of soluble fiber to the diet enhances satiety and decreases blood glucose levels in the diet.
Equal calorie solid food. More and more evidence shows that the heat transfer form of food has an important effect on satiety. In particular, liquid foods (such as functional beverages) satiety is not as good as the same amount of heat of solid foods (such as energy stick) satiety. There are many differences between the two kinds of food, which affects the effect of satiety. For example, liquid food in the stomach to stay longer than the solid food, leading to rapid rise in blood sugar, so both of the effects of hormone satiety signal is different. Most or all of the components of liquid food are carbohydrates, while most of the complex solid foods contain other important food components, such as protein, fat, or dietary fiber. Interestingly, in a healthy, non obese elderly subjects as research objects, subjects in two different tests on the same calories intake of solid food and liquid food, compared with solid food, beverage intake, satiety and reduce the subjects after a meal, hungry hunger increased, while the level of hormones in the blood for four hours showed a consistent change. A study of young people found that after ingestion of a solid form of sucrose, then the amount of liquid or solid form of sucrose, the subjects will be increased satiety.
Five, weight management market drivers and trends
Food and beverage manufacturers around the world are aware of the increased nutritional value can increase market opportunities and promote sales growth. They gain a competitive advantage through functional ingredients, health claims and product customization (tailored for specific populations and health conditions). It is estimated that only about 75 million of the United States diet dieters. According to the United States Federal market data company (FBMD) Market Research Report shows that in 2010 the weight loss product sales revenue is expected to be $60 billion in 2016 has exceeded $100 billion. The market potential for nutritional management of body weight lies in the following drivers and trends:
1, consumer awareness driven. On the one hand, more and more consumers are aware of the environment and the diet containing potentially toxic substances, which aroused the people get rid of harmful chemicals in the body to lose weight and "Detox" attention; on the other hand, the consumer about the obesity epidemic and for adults and children's health awareness of the adverse effects are gradually improved, but also for consumers to explore important factors should be considered to lose weight or weight in the control plan, and the effectiveness of weight loss and weight control products.
2, new food driver. Has three important components of camp lose weight / keep the weight function -- Detox nutrients, nutrition ingredients and satiety nutrients -- as mentioned above, and it can be used as carrier, used in modified fortified food. The antioxidant rich nutrient ingredient is suitable for all kinds of food, including all kinds of drinks, which helps to eliminate harmful toxins in the body. Thermogenic nutrients, such as caffeine and EGCG, have been widely used in the functional beverage industry, and they are also suitable for other forms of food, such as nutritional bars, meals, or candy. Strong flavor ingredients, such as capsaicin, in the use of the process may need to take some thought, not only can make the spicy weakened, and can retain calorigenesis food, or choose to use lighter spicy capsaicin alternatives.
3, nutrition stable drive. The key to achieving nutritional labeling and health claims is to ensure the stability of nutrients in the food or beverage matrix. However, the internal and external variables of the product environment affect the integrity of the nutrients, potentially limiting their role, efficacy, and shelf life. With the increase in the number of functional components, the impact of these variables will become increasingly complex. Therefore, the development of a food or drink, to consider some basic elements of nutrients by maximizing the stability is the key to the activity / nutrient bioavailability; the final form of food; in addition; the processing conditions and procedures; and before the use of storage conditions and other conditions; management the state of nutrition and nutrition composition; purity; the stability and safety of.
4, low calorie food trends. According to the international market research in Europe and the United States, in the field of food, low calorie food is considered to be an effective way to lose weight, will be popular. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) will play a key role as an effective pathway. Functional components, such as CLA, can directly act on the human body, thereby increasing weight loss. But the safety of low calorie foods remains to be tested, and it should be consistent with the manufacturer's nutritional claims.
5, reduce the weight of the release of potential toxins. In the long run, perhaps the most effective way is to avoid the ingestion of contaminated food and toxic gases in the environment. In addition, due to the accumulation of fat in a special form, the accumulation of human obesity and toxic substances in the body may be released with weight loss. Therefore, it is wise to resist the heart to gradually reduce weight, give the body enough time to release the potential toxins.
International Journal of obesity - Jinghui spring 2021
Author: Welsh, former chief medical officer of the national medical system professor Ram Hadar
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